The University of Manitoba campuses are located on original lands of Anishinaabeg, Cree, Ojibwe-Cree, Dakota, and Dene peoples, and on the National Homeland of the Red River Métis. More
General
Guidelines
Boon S, et al. Guidelines for Multi-Model Comparisons of the Impact of Infectious Disease Interventions. BMC Med. 2019.
Davies H, et al. Infectious Diseases Associated With Organized Sports and Outbreak Control. Pediatrics. 2017.
Government of Canada. Infection Control Guidelines - Public Health Agency of Canada. 2019.
Government of Manitoba. Manitoba Communicable Disease Management Protocols. 2019.
Articles
Bruce M, et al Surveillance of infectious diseases in the Arctic. Public Health. 2016.
Caliendo A, et al. Maintaining Life-saving Testing for Patients With Infectious Diseases: Infectious Diseases Society of America, American Society for Microbiology, and Pan American Society for Clinical Virology Recommendations on the Regulation of Laboratory-developed Tests. Clin Infect Dis. 2016.
Choi J, et al. Web-based infectious disease surveillance systems and public health perspectives: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2016.
Collins S, et al. Association of the CPT1A p.479L Metabolic gene variant with childhood respiratory and other infectious illness in Nunavut. Front. Pediatr. 2021.
Hedlund C, et al. Association of climatic factors with infectious diseases in the Arctic and subarctic region--a systematic review. Glob Health Action. 2014.
Li Y, et al. Invasive bacterial diseases in Northern Canada, 2006–2013. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2016.
Parkinson A, et al. Climate change and infectious diseases in the Arctic: establishment of a circumpolar working group. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2014.
Thomas T, et al. Impact of providing in-home water service on the rates of infectious diseases: results from four communities in Western Alaska. J Water Health. 2016.
Wilson L, et al. Connecting remote populations to public health: the case for a digital immunisation information system in Nunavut. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2017.
Immunizations
Guidelines
Government of Canada. Canadian Immunization Guide. 2020.
MacDonald N, et al. Canada's eight-component vaccine safety system: A primer for health care workers. Paediatrics & Child Health. 2017.
Patient Resources
Government of Canada. A Parent's Guide to Vaccinations. 2018. (French)
Government of Canada. Not just for kids: An adult guide to vaccination. 2017.
Government of Canada. Teens, meet Vaccines. 2017.
Government of Canada. Don't Wait Vaccinate! A Guide to Immunization for Inuit Parents and Caregivers: Health Canada. 2010. (Inuktitut)
Government of Canada. Your child's vaccination schedule. (2018).
Videos
Immunize Canada. Intramuscular and subcutaneous injections: A guide for pharmacists. (2018). (French)
Immunize Canada. Webinar: Reducing pain & fear: Integrating Evidence into routine immunization practice. (2017).
Immunize Canada. Webinar: Immunizing Immunocompromised Adults. (2017).
Immunize Canada. Webinar: Cold Chain. (2017). (French)
Antimicrobial Resistance
Guidelines
Levy Hara G, et al. Ten key points for the appropriate use of antibiotics in hospitalised patients: a consensus from the Antimicrobial Stewardship and Resistance Working Groups of the International Society of Chemotherapy. 2016. Int J Antimicrob Agents;48(3):239-46.
Public Health Agency of Canada. Antibiotic (antimicrobial) resistance. 2017.
Articles
Allcock S, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in human populations: challenges and opportunities. 2017. Glob Health Epidemiol Genom.
Cercenado E, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals: Expert recommendation guidance document for activities in specific populations, syndromes and other aspects (PROA-2) from SEIMC, SEFH, SEMPSPGS, SEMICYUC and SEIP. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed). 2023;41(4):238-242.
Elias C, et al. Guideline recommendations and antimicrobial resistance: the need for a change. 2017. BMJ Open; 7(7).
Grant J, et al. Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Utilization in Canada. 2014.
Kwon K. Implementation of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in End-of-Life Care. 2019. Infect Chemother; 51(2):89-97.
Levin B, et al. A model-guided analysis and perspective on the evolution and epidemiology of antibiotic resistance and its future. 2014. Curr Opin Microbiol; Jun(19):83-9.
Painter C, et al. A systematic literature review of economic evaluation studies of interventions impacting antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2023;12(1):69.
Rogers Van Katwyk S, et al. Government policy interventions to reduce human antimicrobial use: A systematic review and evidence map. PLoS Med. 2019. 16(6).
Resci I, Cilia G. The use of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) as biological monitors for pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance: A systematic review. Environ Pollut. 2023;333.
Smith C, et al. Canadian physicians' knowledge and counseling practices related to antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance: Two-cycle national survey. 2017. Can Fam Physician; 63(12):e526-35.
Wadhwa K, et al. A systematic review on antimicrobial activities of green synthesized Selaginella silver nanoparticles. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2023;Aug:1-14.
Waglechner N, et al. Antibiotic resistance: it's bad, but why isn't it worse? 2017. BMC Biol; 15(1):84.
Webster P. Should Canada focus on antimicrobial resistance? 2017. CMAJ; 189(2):E82-3.
HIV
Guidelines
Bamford A, et al. Post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines for children and adolescents potentially exposed to HIV. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(1):78-83.
PHAC. Canadian Guidelines on Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2018.
Siemieniuk R, et al. Antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women living with HIV: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2017;358.
Tan D, et al. Canadian guideline on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis. CMAJ. 2017;189(49):E1448-1458.
US Preventive Services Task Force, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2019;321(22):2203-13.
WHO. Guidelines on the public health response to pretreatment HIV drug resistance. 2017.
WHO. Guidelines for managing advanced HIV disease and rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy. 2017.
HIV in the North
Barlow K, et al. Culturally competent service provision issues experienced by Aboriginal people living with HIV/Aids. Pimatisiwin. 2008;6(2):155-80.
Corosky G, et al. Staying healthy "under the sheets": Inuit youth experiences of access to sexual and reproductive health and rights in Arviat, Nunavut, Canada. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2016;75:31812.
Duncan K, et al. HIV incidence and prevalence among Aboriginal peoples in Canada. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(1):214-27.
Healey G. Inuit parent perspectives on sexual health communication with adolescent children in Nunavut: "It's kinda hard for me to try to find the words." Int J Circumpolar Health. 2014;73.
Healey G. Youth perspectives on sexually transmitted infections and sexual health in Northern Canada and implications for public health practice. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2016;75.
Jessen C, et al. What is missing? Addressing the complex issues surrounding sexual and reproductive health in the circumpolar north. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2016;75.
Kumar A. HIV/AIDS Risk and Prevention Issues Among Inuit Living in Nunavut Territory of Canada. In Vivo. 2016;30(6):905-16.
Larcombe L, et al. A Dene First Nation's community readiness assessment to take action against HIV/AIDS: a pilot project. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2019;78(1).
Law, Dionne, et al. Sexual health and sexually transmitted infections in the North American Arctic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(1):4-9.
Minichiello V, et al. Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections in global indigenous populations: data availability and gaps. Int J STD AIDS. 2013;24(10):759-68.
PHAC. HIV/AIDS EPI Updates: Chapter 8: HIV/AIDS among Aboriginal People in Canada. 2014.
Rand J. Inuit women's stories of strength: informing Inuit community-based HIV and STI prevention and sexual health promotion programming. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2016;75.
Rebekah J. Building community-based HIV and STI prevention programs on the tundra: drawing on Inuit women's strengths and resiliencies. 2014.
Rosen N, et al. Classic Kaposi's sarcoma in the Inuit of northern Quebec. J AM Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(2 Suppl 1):31-4.
Steenbeek A, et al. Determinants of sexually transmitted infections among Canadian Inuit adolescent populations. Public Health Nurs. 2006;23(6):531-4.
Steenbeek A. Empowering health promotion: a holistic approach in preventing sexually transmitted infections among first nations and inuit adolescents in Canada. J Holist Nurs. 2004;22(3):254-66.
Worthington C, et al. HIV testing experiences of Aboriginal youth in Canada: service implications. AIDS Care. 2010;22(10):1269-76.
Patient Resources
Canadian Aboriginal AIDS Network
I Respect Myself Sexually Transmitted Blood Borne Infection Prevention (Video) (Inuktitut)
Pauktuutit. Tukisiviit. (Inuktitut)
Pauktuutit. Working with HIV + Inuit Patients - For Physicians
Reports
CAAN. Aboriginal strategy on HIV/Aids in Canada II: for First Nations, Inuit and Metis Peoples from 2009-2014. 2009.
International Indigenous Working Group on HIV & AIDS. International Strategic Plan on HIV & Aids for Indigenous Peoples & communities from 2011-2017. 2011.
CAAN. National Aboriginal youth strategy on HIV & Aids in Canada: for First Nations, Inuit and Metis youth from 2010 to 2015. 2010.
Pauktuutit. Tavva - National Inuit Sexual Health Strategy (2017) (French, Kivalliq, Nunastiavut)
Websites
National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease. HIV/STBBI Prevention and Control.
World Health Organization. HIV.
HPV
Guidelines
Immunization Expert Work Group. Committee Opinion No. 704: Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129(6):e173-8.
PHAC. Canadian Guidelines on Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2018.
Salvadori M, et al. Human papillomavirus virus for children and adolescents. Paediatr Child Health. 2018;23(4):262-265.
Sanfilippo J, et al. HPV One Two Three. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2015;28(3):125-6.
WHO. WHO Guidelines for screening and treatment of precancerous lesions for cervical cancer prevention. 2013.
Workowski K, et al. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64(RR-03);1-137.
HPV in the North
Bennett R, et al. Incidence, persistence, and determinants of human papillomavirus in a population of Inuit women in northern Quebec. Sex Transm Dis. 2015;42(5):272-8.
Brassard P, et al. Factors associated with human papillomavirus infection among women in the Northwest Territories. Can J Public Health. 2012;103(4):e282-7.
Cerigo H, et al. Awareness and knowledge about human papillomavirus among Inuit women in Nunavik, Quebec. J Community Health. 2011;36(1):56-62.
Cerigo H, et al. Dry self-sampling versus provider-sampling of cervicovaginal specimens for human papillomavirus detection in the Inuit population of Nunavik, Quebec. J Med Screen. 2012;19(1):42-8.
Cergo H, et al. Factors associated with cervical cancer screening uptake among Inuit women in Nunavik, Quebec, Canada. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:438.
Cerigo H, et al. Inuit women's attitudes and experiences towards cervical cancer and prevention strategies in Nunavik, Quebec. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2012;71.
Dunne E, et al. HPV vaccines for circumpolar health: summary of plenary session, "Opportunities for Prevention: Global HPV Vaccine" and "Human Papillomavirus Prevention: The Nordic Experience". Int J Circumpolar Health. 2013;72(1):21070.
Gauthier B, et al. Human papillomavirus variants among Inuit women in northern Quebec, Canada. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2015;74:29482.
Hamlin-Douglas L, et al. Determinants of human papillomavirus infection among Inuit women of northern Quebec, Canada. Sex Transm Dis. 2010;37(6):377-81.
Hamlin-Douglas L, et al. Prevalence and age distribution of human papillomavirus infection in a population of Inuit women in Nunavik, Quebec. 2008;17(11):3141-9.
Healey S, et al. Human papillomavirus and cervical dysplasia in Nunavut: prelude to a screening strategy. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2004;63(Suppl 2):199-201.
Healey S, et al. Oncogenic human papillomavirus infection and cervical lesions in Aboriginal women of Nunavut, Canada. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28(12):694-700.
Kelly J, et al. HPV genotypes detected in cervical cancers from Alaska Native women, 1980-2007. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2013;72.
Jiang Y, et al. Type-specific prevalence of Human Papillomavirus infection among women in the Northwest Territories, Canada. 20114(5-6):219-27.
Metcalfe S, et al. The association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G polymorphisms and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in Inuit women of northern Quebec. Hum Immunol. 2013;74(12):1610-5.
Sebbelov A, et al. Comparison of human papillomavirus genotypes in archival cervical cancer specimens from Alaska natives, Greenland natives and Danish Caucasians. Microbes infect. 2000;2(2):121-6.
Systematic Reviews
DèAddario M, et al. Two-dose schedules for human papillomavirus vaccine: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2017;35(22):2892-2901
Koliopoulos G, et al. Cytology versus HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in the general population. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;8(8).
Lin C, et al. Human papillomavirus types from infection to cancer in the anus, according to sex and HIV status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(2):198-206.
Loke A, et al. The Uptake of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and Its Associated Factors Among Adolescents: A Systematic Review. J Prim Care Community Health. 2017;8(4):349-362.
Rees I, et al. Interventions to improve the uptake of cervical cancer screening among lower socioeconomic groups: A systematic review. Prev Med. 2018;111:323-35.
.
Patient Resources
HPVinfo.ca
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Information Sheet (2017)
I Respect Myself
Sexually Transmitted Blood Borne Infection Prevention (Video) (English, Inuktitut)
Tukisiviit - Pauktuutit (Inuktitut)
Hepatitis
Guidelines
WHO. Guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection. 2015.
WHO. Guidelines for the screening, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis C infection. 2016.
WHO. Monitoring and evaluation for viral hepatitis B and C: recommended indicators and framework. 2016.
Articles on Hepatitis in the North
n.a. How do you say hepatitis in Inuktitut? Can Nurse. 2013;109(1):6.
Bouckaert R, et al. Tracing hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B5 (formerly B6) evolutionary history in the circumpolar Arctic through phylogeographic modelling. PeeJ. 2017;5.
Byrd K, et al. Changing trends in viral hepatitis-associated hospitalizations in the American Indian/Alaska Native population, 1995-2007. Public Health Rep. 2011; 126(6):816-25.
Ching L, et al. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma according to hepatitis B virus genotype in Alaska Native people. Liver Int. 2016;36(10):1507-15.
Gounder P, et al. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk in Alaska Native Children and Young Adults with Hepatitis B Virus: Retrospective Cohort Analysis. J Pediatr. 2016;178:206-13.
Keck J, et al. Hepatitis B virus antibody levels 7 to 9 years after booster vaccination in Alaska native persons. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2014;21(9):1339-42.
Kowalec K, et al. Genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus genotypes B6, D and F among circumpolar indigenous individuals. J Viral Hepat. 2013;20(2):122-30.
Livingston S, et al. Results of interferon-based treatments in Alaska Native and American Indian population with chronic hepatitis C. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2016;75.
Minuk G, et al.Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in a Canadian Aboriginal population: results from the PRAIRIE study. 2013. 27(12):707-10.
Minuk G, et al. Viral hepattis in the Canadian Inuit and First Nations populations. 2003;17(12):707-12.
Osiowy C, et al. Distinct geographical and demographic distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in the Canadian Arctic as revealed through an extensive molecular epidemiological survey. J Viral Hepat. 2011;18(4):e11-9.
Plumb I, et al. Persistence of antibody to Hepatitis A virus 20 years after receipt of Hepatitis A vaccine in Alaska. J Viral Hepat. 2017;24(7):608-12.
Raczniak G, et al. Long-term immunogenicity of hepatitis A virus vaccine in Alaska 17 years after initial childhood series. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(3):493-6.
Rempel J, et al. Hepatitis C virus in American Indian/Alaskan Native and Aboriginal peoples of North America. Viruses. 2012;4(12):3912-31.
Rex K, et al. Hepatitis B among Inuit: A review with focus on Greenland Inuit. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(9):1265-71.
Rex K, et al. Liver biochemistry and associations with alcohol intake, hepatitis B virus infection and Inuit ethnicity: a population-based comparative epidemiological survey in Greenland and Denmark. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2016;75.
Patient Resources
Paukuutit. Frequently Asked Questions About Hepatitis C. (Inuannaqtun, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut)
Paukuutit. Getting Ready for Hepatitis C Treatment: A Guide. (Inuannaqtun, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik)
Paukuutit. Getting Tested for Hepatitis C. (Innuanaqtun, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut)
Hepatitis B (HB) Vaccine Information Sheet. (2017)
Hepatitis Education Canada - Inuit
Paukuutit. Inuit Five-Year Strategic Plan on Hepatitis C 2013 - 2015. (French, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut)
Paukuutit. Hepatitis C: Making Sense of Your Diagnosis. (Inuannaqtun, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut)
Paukuutit. Tests Used for Diagnosing Hepatitis C. (Inuinnaqtun, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut)
Paukuutit. What is Hepatitis C? (Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik)
Influenza
Guidelines
Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2017 - 2018. Pediatrics. 2017;140(4).
Fy A, et al. The use of antiviral drugs for influenza: a foundation document for practitioners. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2013;24:1c-15c.
PHAC. Canadian Pandemic Influenza Preparedness: Planning Guidance for the Health Sector. 2015.
PHAC. Canadian Immunization Guide Chapter on Influenza. 2017.
Influenza in the North
Banerji A, et al. Hospital admissions for lower respiratory tract infections among infants in the Canadian Arctic: a cohort study. CMAJ Open. 2016;4(4):E615-E622.
Charania N, et al. Assessing the effectiveness and feasibility of implementing mitigation measures for an influenza pandemic in remote and isolated First Nations communities: a qualitative community-based participatory research approach. Rural Remote Health. 2013;13(4):2566.
Ramey A, et al. Surveillance for Eurasian-origin and intercontinental reassortant highly pathogenic influenza A viruses in Alaska, spring and summer 2015. Virol J. 2016;13:55.
Tsang R, et al. Laboratory characterization of invasive Haemophilus influenzae isolates from Nunavut, Canada, 2000-2012. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2016;75.
Websites
Influenza and Influenza Like Illness - National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases
Patient Resources
CDC. Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV) Nasal Spray Vaccination Information Sheet. 2017.
Government of Northwest Territories. Adjuvanted Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (ATIV) Vaccine Information Sheet. 2017.
Government of Northwest Territories. Quadrivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (QIV) Vaccine Information Sheet. 2017.
Meningococcal
Guidelines
Government of Canada. Canadian Immunization Guide - Meningococcal Vaccine. 2020.
Robinson J, et al. Immunization for meningococcal serogroup B - What does the practitioner need to know? Paediatr Child Health. 2017; 19(2):91-94.
Robinson J, et al. Update on invasive meningococcal vaccination for Canadian children and youth. Paediatr Child Health. 2018:23(1):e1-e4.
Pham-Huy A, et al. A national advisory committee on immunization (NACI) update on invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) epidemiology and program-relevant considerations for preventing IMD in individuals at high risk of exposure. Canada Communicable Disease Report. 2023;49(9):358-367.
Meningococcal in the North
Gounder P, et al. Epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in the North American Arctic, 2000-2010. J Infect. 2015;71(2):179-87.
Le Saux N, et al. Profile of serogroup Y meningococcal infections in Canada: Implications for vaccine selection. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2009;20(4):e130-4.
Tsang R, et al. International circumpolar surveillance interlaboratory quality control program for serotyping Haemophilus influenzae and serogrouping Neisseria meningitidis 2005 to 2009. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(3):651-6.
Patient Resources
Government of Northwest Territories. Meningococcal conjugate quadrivalent (Men-C-ACYW-135) Vaccination Information Sheet. 2017.
Government of Northwest Territories. Meningococcal conjugate Type C (Men-C-C) VAccine Information Sheet. 2017.
WHO. World Health Organization Fact Sheet - Meningococcal Meningitis. 2018.
Pneumococcal
Reasonover A, et al. The International Circumpolar Surveillance Interlaboratory Quality Control Program for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1999 to 2008. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(1):138-143.
Patient Resources
Government of Northwest Territories. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide 23 (Pneu-P-23) Vaccine Information Sheet. 2017.
Government of Northwest Territories. Pneumococcal conjugate 13 (Pneu-C-13) Vaccine Information Sheet. 2017.
RSV
Guidelines
CDC. Clinical Overview of RSV. 2024.
Committee on Infectious Diseases and Bronchiolitis Guidelines Committee. Updated guidance for palivizumab prophylaxis among infants and young children at increased risk of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatrics. 2014;134(2):415-420.
Ralston S, et al. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014;134(5):e1474-e1502.
Robinson J, et al. Preventing hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus infection. Paediatr Child Health. 2015;20(6):321-326.
Articles on RSV in the North
Banerji A, et al. Comparison of the cost of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus disease versus palivizumab prophylaxis in Canadian Inuit infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(8):702-6.
Banerji A, et al. The real-life effectiveness of palivizumab for re-ducing hospital admissions for respiratory syncytial virus in infants residing in Nunavut. Can Respir J. 2014;21(3):185-189.
Bawage S, et al. Recent advances in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of human respiratory syncytial virus. Adv Virol. 2013.
Das L, et al. Bronchiectasis in children from qikiqtani (baffin) region, nunavut, Canada. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2015;12(1):96-100.
Moraes T. Are we too passive in our attempts to prevent respiratory syncytial virus infection in Northern Canada? Can Respir J. 2014;21(3):163-164.
Systematic Reviews
Boyce T, et al. More on Viral Bronchiolitis in Children. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(12):1199-200.
Caldwell N, et al. Where are we with RSV prophylaxis? Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2016;101(1):38-42.
Chu H, et al. Clinical Presentation and Birth Outcomes Associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Pregnancy. PLoS One. 2016;11(3).
Diez-Domingo, et al. Social, economic, and health impact of the respiratory syncytial virus: a systematic search. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:544.
DiFranza J, et al. Systematic literature review assessing tobacco smoke ex-posure as a risk factor for serious respiratory syncytial virus disease among infants and young children. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12:81.
Jaberolansar N, et al. Recent advances in the development of subunit-based RSV vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2016; 15(1):53-68.
Jorquera P, et al. Understanding respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine development and aspects of disease pathogenesis. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2016;15(2):173-87.
Shi T, et al. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study. Lancet. 2019;390(10098):946-958.
Shi T, et al. Risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus associated with acute lower respiratory infection in children under five years: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health. 2015;5(2).
Spurling F, et al. Antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children under two years of age. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014.
WHO. Global RSV surveillance. Weekly epidemiological record. 2016;91(44):514-524.
STI
STI's in the North
Jackson C, et al. Accelerating our response: Government of Canada five-year action plan on sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2019.
Gesink D, et al. Developing a culturally competent and socially relevant sexual health survey with an urban Arctic community. 2010;69(1):25-37.
Healey G. Inuit parent perspectives on sexual health communication with adolescent children in Nunavut: "it's kinda hard for me to try to find the words". 2014;73.
Machalek K, et al. Chlamydia screening practices among physicians and community nurses in Yukon, Canada. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2013;72.
PHAC. Canadian Guidelines on Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2018.
Rand J. Inuit women's stories of strength: informing Inuit community-based HIV and STI prevention and sexual health promotion programming. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2016;75.
Steenbeek A, et al. An epidemiological survey of chlamydial and gonococcal infections in a Canadian Arctic community. 2009;36(2):79-83.
Patient Resources
The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. All About STI's. (Inuktitut)
The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. My First Contraception and STI Exam. (Inuktitut)
Websites
AboriginalSexualHealth.ca
National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease. HIV/STBBI Prevention and Control.
Reports
Government of Northwest Territories. Sexually Transmitted Infection Rates in Nunavut, 2007-2014. 2014.
Government of Nunavut. Nunavut Sexual Health Framework for Action 2012-2017. 2012.
Government of Nunavut. Syphilis Outbreak in Nunavut: 2013 Summary. 2013.
Tuberculosis
Guidelines
Government of Nunavut. Nunavut Tuberculosis Manual. 2017.
Lewinsohn D, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Adults and Children. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;64(2):111-115.
Nahid P, et al. "Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines: Treatment of Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2016;63(7):e147-e195.
PHAC. Canadian Tuberculosis Standards. 2014.
PHAC. Strategy Against Tuberculosis for First Nations On-Reserve. 2016.
PHAC. Monitoring and Performance Framework for Tuberculosis Programs for First Nations On-Reserve. 2016.
WHO. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. 2014.
Tuberculosis in the North
Alvarez G, et al. Developing and Field Testing a Community Based Youth Initiative to Increase Tuberculosis Awareness in Remote Arctic Inuit Communities. PLoS One. 2016;11(7).
Alvarez G, et al. The Feasibility, Accuracy, and Impact of Xpert MTB/RIF Testing in a Remote Aboriginal Community in Canada. Chest. 2015;148(3):767-773.
Alvarez G, et al. The feasibility of the interferon gamma release assay and predictors of discordance with the tuberculin skin test for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in a remote Aboriginal community. PLoS One. 2014;9(11).
Alvarez G, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to describe the transmission dynamics among Inuit residing in Iqaluit Nunavut using whole genome sequencing. Clin Infect Dis. (2020).
Alvarez G, et al. Taima (stop) TB: the impact of a multifaceted TB awareness and door-to-door campaign in residential areas of high risk for TB in Iqaluit, Nunavut. PLoS One. 2014;9(7).
Bourgeois A, et al. Descriptive review of tuberculosis surveillance systems across the circumpolar regions. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 2016;75.
Bourgeois A, et al. Tuberculosis in the Circumpolar Region, 2006-2012. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22(6):641-648.
Byberg S, et al. Diabetes is a risk factor for tuberculosis in the Inuit population of Greenland. European Respiratory Journal. 2012;40:1289-1291.
Case C, et al. Examining DNA fingerprinting as an epidemiology tool in the tuberculosis program in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2013;72.
Dion R, et al. Results of a population screening intervention for tuberculosis in Nunavik villiage, Quebec, 2015-2016. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2018.
Fox G, et al. Inadequate Diet Is Associated with Acquiring Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in an Inuit Community. A Case-Control Study. Annals of the American Thoracic. 2015;12(8):1153-1162.
Guthrie J, et al. Comparison of routine field epidemiology and whole genome sequencing to identify tuberculosis transmission in a remote setting. Epidemiol Infect. 2020.
Guthrie J, et al. Whole genome sequencing for improved understanding of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in a remote circumpolar region. Epidemiol Infect. 2019.
Kiddell-Monroe R, et al. Inuit communities can beat COVID-19 and tuberculosis. Lancet Public Health. 2020.
Khan F, et al. Housing and tuberculosis in an Inuit village in northern Quebec: a case-control study. CMAJ Open. 2016;4(3):E496-E506.
Kovesi T. Respiratory disease in Canadian First Nations and Inuit children. Paediatr Child Health. 201217(7):376-380.LaFreniere M, et al. Tuberculosis drug resistance in Canada: 2018. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2020.
Lee R, et al. Previously undetected super-spreading of Mycobacterium tuberculosis revealed by deep sequencing. Elife. 2020.
Orr P. Tuberculosis in Nunavut: looking back, moving forward. CMAJ. 2013;185(4):287-288.
Oxlade O, et al. Xpert(R)MTB/RIF for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in a Remote Arctic Setting: Impact on Cost and Time to Treatment Initiation. PLoS One. 2016;11(3).
Pease C, et al. The latent tuberculosis infection cascade of care in Iqaluit, Nunavut, 2012-2016. BMC Infect Dis. 2019.
PHAC. Addressing tuberculosis among Inuit in Canada. The Public Health Agency of Canada. 2018;44(3/4).
Sugarman J, et al. Sputum induction for tuberculosis diagnosis in an Arctic setting: a cost comparison. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(10):1223-30.
Tollefson D, et al. Burden of tuberculosis in indigenous peoples globally: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17(9):1139-1150.
Tuite A, et al. Stochastic agent-based modeling of tuberculosis in Canadian Indigenous communities. BMC Public Health. 2017;73:73.
Vogel L. TB: fighting a forgotten disease in Canada. CMAJ. 2015;187(8):557.
Systematic Reviews
Bose A, et al. Intermittent versus daily therapy for treating tuberculosis in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014.
Chohen D, et al. Evidence supports TB test, so what now? Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews. 2013.
Critchley J, et al. Adjunctive steroid therapy for managing pulmonary tuberculosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014.
Gallardo C, et al. Fixed-dose combinations of drugs versus single-drug formulations for treating pulmonary tuberculosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016.
Grobler L, et al. Nutritional supplements for people being treated for active tuberculosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016.
Jeyashree K, et al. Smoking cessation interventions for pulmonary tuberculosis treatment outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016.
Liu Q, et al. Reminder systems to improve patient adherence to tuberculosis clinic appointments for diagnosis and treatment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014.
Machoki M'imunya J, et al. Patient education and counselling for promoting adherence to treatment for tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012.
Molhave M, et al. Historical review of studies on the effect of treating latent tuberculosis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020.
Prasad K, et al. Corticosteroids for managing tuberculous meningitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016.
Yakoob M, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for preventing infections in children under five years of age. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016.
Ziganshina L, et al. Fluoroquinolones for treating tuberculosis (presumed drug-sensitive). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013.
Reports
Health Canada. Health Canada's Monitoring and Performance Framework for Tuberculosis Programs for First Nations On-Reserve. (2015).
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. Inuit-Specific Tuberculosis Strategy. (2013).
LaFreniere M, et al. Tuberculosis drug resistance in Canada: 2018. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2020.
National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health. Addressing the challenge of latent tuberculosis infection among Indigenous Peoples in Canada. (2018).
World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2017.
Varicella
Guidelines
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 151: Cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19, varicella zoster, and toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2015; 125(6):1510-25. (please request full text)
Hendriksz T, et al. Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and herpes zoster: immunization guidelines for adults. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2100; 111(10 Suppl 6): S10-2.
Health Canada. Varicella (Chickenpox). 2012.
Health Canada. Varicella (chicenpox) vaccine: Canadian immunization guide. 2018.
Marin M, et al. Use of combination measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vacine: recommendations of the Advisory Committe on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010; 59(RR-3): 1-12.
Marin M, et al. Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007; 56(RR-4): 1-40.
Sehulster L, et al. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities. Recommendations of CDC and the healthcare infection control practices advisory committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003; 52(RR-10): 1-42.
Systematic Reviews
Leung J, et al. Severe varicella in persons vaccinated with varicella vaccine (breakthrough varicella): a systematic literature review. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017; 16(4): 391-400.
Marin M, et al. Global varicella vaccine effectiveness: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2016; 137(3):e20153741.
Ong C, et al. Varicella infections in patients with end stage renal disease: a systematic review. BMC Nephrol. 2018; 19(1): 185.
Yin M, et al. Effectiveness, immunogenicity and safety of one vs. two-dose varicella vaccination: a meta-analysis. Experts Rev Vaccines. 2018; 17(4): 351-362. (please request full-text)
Zhu S, et al. Incidence rat of breakthrough varicella observed in health children after 1 o 2 doses of varicella vaccine: Results from a meta-analysis. Am J Infect Control. 2018; 46(1):e1-e7.
Outbreaks
Ahmad A, et al. Chickenpox outbreak in Faisalabad: a lesson for the future. J Infect Public Health. 2018; 11(4):596-597.
Beckingham R et al. Successful prevention of varicella outbreak with oral Aciclovir following party for pediatric oncology patients. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2018; 40(6): 488-489. (request full-text).
Cao Z, et al. Effectiveness of post-exposure prophylaxis during varicella outbreaks among primary and middle school students in Shanghai: An analysis of three-year surveillance data. Vaccine. 2018.
Kurugol Z, Gokce S. Outbreak of varicella in preschool children despite one-dose vaccination. Turk J Pediatr. 2018; 60(1): 56-62.
Lopez A, et al. Varicella outbreak surveillance in schools in Sentinel jurisdictions, 2012-2015. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2018 (epub ahead of print) (request full-text)
Manistarski M, et al. Lessons from an outbreak of varicella infection in pediatric hemato-oncology patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2018; 37(7): 649-653. (request full-text)
McRae J, et al. Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance (PAEDS) annual report 2015: Prospective hospital-based surveillance for serious paediatric conditions. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2017;41(3):E264-278.
Sarit S, et al. Chicken pox outbreak in the intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital: lessons learnt the hard way. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2015; 19(12): 723-5.
Tang X, et al. Modelling the transmission and control strategies of varicella among school children in Shenzhen, China. Plos One. 2017. 22(17).
Wu Q, et al. Effectiveness of varicella vaccine as post-exposure prophylaxis during a varicella outbreak in Shanghai, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2018;66:51-55.
Zoonotic
General
Bruce M, et al. Reinfection after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori in three different populations in Alaska. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143(6):1236-46.
Goldfarb D, et al. Nanolitre real-time PCR detection of bacterial, parasitic, and viral agents from patients with diarrhoea in Nunavut, Canada. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2013;72.
Goyette S, et al. Seroprevalence of parasitic zoonoses and their relationship with social factors among the Canadian Inuit in Arctic regions. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;78(4):404-10.
Hueffer K, et al. Zoonotic infections in Alaska: disease prevalence, potential impact of climate change and recommended actions for earlier disease detection, research, prevention and control. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2013;72.
Jenkins E, et al. Old problems on a new playing field: Helminth zoonoses transmitted among dogs, wildlife, and people in a changing northern climate. Vet Parasitol. 2011;182(1):54-69.
Messier V, et al. Seroprevalence of seven zoonotic infections in Nunavik, Quebec (Canada). Zoonoses Public Health. 2012;59(2):107-17.
PHAC. Foodborne and waterborne illness among Canadian Indigenous populations: A scoping review. The Public Health Agency of Canada. 2017;43(1).
Pufall E, et al. Prevalence of zoonotic anisakid nematodes in Inuit-harvested fish and mammals from the eastern Canadian Arctic. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2012;9(11):1002-9.
Revich B et al. Climate change and zoonotic infections in the Russian Arctic. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2012;71.
Yansouni C et al. Enteric parasites in Arctic communities: tip of the iceberg? Trends Parasitol. 2016;32(11):834-838.
Botulism in the North
Austin J, et al. Botulism in the North: a disease without borders. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2011;52(5):593-4.
Fagan R, et al. Persistence of Botulinum Toxin in Patients’ Serum: Alaska, 1959–2007. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009;199(7):1029-31.
Hammer T, et al. Fatal outbreak of botulism in Greenland. Infect Dis (Lond). 2015;47(3):190-4.
Kraft C, et al. Botulism presenting as dyspnea and respiratory failure in the Canadian Arctic. CMAJ. 2016;188(12):896-898.
Leclair D, et al. Comparison of DNA fingerprinting methods for use in investigation of type E botulism outbreaks in the Canadian Arctic. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(5):1635-44.
Leclair D, et al. Distribution of Clostridium botulinum Type E Strains in Nunavik, Northern Quebec, Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79(2):646-54.
Leclair D, et al. Tracking sources of Clostridium botulinum type E contamination in seal meat. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2017;76(1).
Leclair D, et al. Distribution of Clostridium botulinum type E strains in Nunavik, Northern Quebec, Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79(2):646-54.
Leth P, et al. Botulism in Greenland. Forensic Sci Int. 2014;238:e1-2.
PHAC. Factsheet on Botulism. 2019.
Tomaselli M, et al. Contagious Ecthyma, Rangiferine Brucellosis, and Lungworm Infection in a Muskox ( Ovibos moschatus ) from the Canadian Arctic, 2014. 2016;52(3):719-24.
Castrodale L, et al. A Case-Study of Implementation of Improved Strategies for Prevention of Laboratory-acquired Brucellosis. Saf Health Work. 2015;6(4):353-6.
Encephalitis
Tokarevich N, et al. Impact of air temperature variation on the ixodid ticks habitat and tick-borne encephalitis incidence in the Russian Arctic: the case of the Komi Republic. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2017;76(1).
Rabies
Aenishaenslin C, et al. Characterizing rabies epidemiology in remote Inuit communities in Québec, Canada: a "One Health" approach. (2014)
Ecological niche modeling of rabies in the changing Arctic of Alaska. Ecohealth. 2017;11(3):343-55.
Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Fact Sheet on Rabies. 2008.
Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Rabies in Canada. 2021.
Mediouni S, et al. Epidemiology of human exposure to rabies in Nunavik: incidence, the role of dog bites and their context, and victim profiles. BMC Public Health. (2020).
PHAC. Northern innovation in rabies prevention and control: the Weeneebayko Area Health Authority (WAHA) dog population management pilot project. Canada Communicable Disease Report. 2016;42(6):130-4.
Echinococcosis
Schurer J, et al. Echinococcosis: An Economic Evaluation of a Veterinary Public Health Intervention in Rural Canada. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(7).
Oksanen A, et al. Echinococcus canadensis transmission in the North. Vet Parasitol. 2015;213(3-4):182-6.
Gilbert N, et al. Hospitalization for trichinellosis and echinococcosis in Canada, 2001-2005: the tip of the iceberg? Can J Public Health. 2010;101(4):337-40.
Umhang G, et al. Sureveillance and management of Echinococcus multilocularis in a wildlife park. Parasitol Int. 2016;65(3):245-50.
Cryptosporidium
Ayres Hutter J, et al. Cryptosporidium ssp.: Human incidence, molecular characterization and associated exposures in Quebec, Canada (2016-17). PLoS One. 2020.
Dixon B, et al. Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in the intestinal contents of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) and bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) in Nunavik, Quebec, Canada. J Parasitol. 2008;94(5):1161-3.
Iqbal A, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in diarrhoeic patients in the Qikiqtani Region, Nunavut, Canada. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2015;74.
Manore A, et al. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in locally harvested clams in Iqaluit, Nunavut. Zoonoses Public Health. 2020.
Thivierge K, et al. Cryptosporidium hominis Is a Newly Recognized Pathogen in the Arctic Region of Nunavik, Canada: Molecular Characterization of an Outbreak. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(4).
Trichinella
n.a. Outbreak of trichinellosis in French hunters who ate Canadian black bear meat. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2006;32(9):109-12.
Gilbert N, et al. Hospitalization for trichinellosis and echinococcosis in Canada, 2001-2005: the tip of the iceberg?
Novel prevention program for trichinellosis in inuit communities. Can J Public Health. 2002;101(4):337-40.
Larrat S, et al. From science to action and from action to science: the Nunavik Trichinellosis Prevention Program. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2012;71.
Moller L. Epidemiology of Trichinella in Greenland--occurrence in animals and man. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2007;66(1):77-9.
Moller L, et al. Outbreak of trichinellosis associated with consumption of game meat in West Greenland. Vet Parasitol. 2005;132(1-2):131-6.
Seymour J, et al. Occurrence and genotypic analysis of Trichinella species in Alaska marine-associated mammals of the Bering and Chukchi seas. Vet Parasitol. 2014;200(1-2):153-64.
Toxoplasma Gondii
Chaudhry S, et al. Toxoplasmosis and pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 2014;60(4):334-6.
Elmore S, et al. Toxoplasma gondii in circumpolar people and wildlife. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2012;12(1):1-9.
Fung R, et al. Clams and potential foodborne Toxoplasma gondii in Nunavut, Canada. Zoonoses Public Health. 2021;68(3):277-283. (request full-text)
Hill D, et al. Toxoplasma gondii as a Parasite in Food: Analysis and Control. Microbiol Sectr. 2016;4(4).
Li Y, et al. Moving towards improved vaccines for Toxoplasma gondii. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2017;18(3):273-280.
Messier V, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among Nunavik Inuit (Canada). Zoonoses Public Health. 2009;56(4):188-97.
Reiling S, et al. Toxoplasma gondii: How an Amazonian parasite became an Inuit health issue. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2019.
Simon A, et al. Fate and transport of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in seasonally snow covered watersheds: a conceptual framework from a melting snowpack to the Canadian arctic coasts. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10(3):994-1005.