The University of Manitoba campuses are located on original lands of Anishinaabeg, Cree, Ojibwe-Cree, Dakota, and Dene peoples, and on the National Homeland of the Red River Métis. More
Questions about the APA Publication Manual?
Contact the librarians at the
NJM Health Sciences Library
healthlibrary@umanitoba.ca
200 level, Brodie Centre
In narrative citations, the author appears in running text and the date appears in parentheses immediately after. For two authors, use the word 'and' instead of the ampersand (&). For more than two authors, use only the first author's surname as it appears on the publication and add 'et al.' (Latin for "and others"). On rare occasions, the author and date may both appear in the running text, in which case parentheses are not to be included. In the event of a narrative citation following a direct quote, the page number (or other location information) must be included after the closing quotation mark, but before the sentence punctuation.
Examples
Paraphrasing
According to Jayasinghe (2011), many academic instructors prefer that students paraphrase ideas to demonstrate their understanding and interpretation.
In 2017, Phekut et al. discovered that many students found citation styles easier to understand after consulting the appropriate guides.
Direct Quotations
Hoffman and Iverson (2014) state that "students who own a cat often face greater difficulty and unexpected challenges in completing a paper compared to those students who did not own a cat" (p. 49).
Block Quotations
Brown (2020) concluded their breakthrough study with the following recommendations:
Students writing final papers should prioritize self-care to optimize focus and well-being. This includes structured scheduling (planning dedicated writing time with breaks to avoid burnout; healthy habits (maintaining a balanced diet, regular sleep, and physical activity to combat stress; and mindfulness techniques (utilizing meditation or deep breathing exercises to manage anxiety and improve concentration. (p. 131)
Don't leave it blank! Find out how to properly indicate that information is missing from one of your reference elements by reading more about missing information.
Information on this page was adapted from "Chapter 8: Works Credited in the Text", in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.), as well as the APA webpage, "In-Text Citations".